Six aspects of locomotion ability (tracking, spine curvature, speed. head bobbing, general symmetry and abduction/adduction) were assessed from I (normal)

to 5 (abnormal) every 2 weeks. Throughout the study records of clinical lameness were kept for all animals. Lying times of 26 block-paired cows (PASTURE n = 13. HOUSED n = 13) were recorded automatically every 5 min for 48 h at 33, 83 and 193 days post-calving. ATM/ATR phosphorylation Data were analysed using mixed models for repeated measures, logistic regression and survival analysis, as appropriate. The severity of hoof disorders was lower for PASTURE compared to HOUSED cows from 85 days post-calving onwards (P<0.05). HOUSED cows had a greater hazard ratio (P<0.01) of presenting an abnormal (i.e. scoring 2:3) tracking (2.8), spine curvature (23), head bobbing (3.6), general symmetry (3.0), abduction/adduction (4.2) and for the average (3.9) of all locomotion aspects investigated (i.e. abnormal locomotion). Furthermore, HOUSED cows had a greater odds ratio (6.5, P<0.01) of clinical lameness from day 180 post-calving onwards. Mean total lying times per 48 5-Fluoracil chemical structure h period were shorter (P<0.001) for HOUSED compared to PASTURE cows (18.1 h, SE 0.71 vs. 20.5 h. SE 0.73). In summary, from day 85 post-calving to the end of the production cycle PASTURE

cows had less severe hoof disorders, better locomotion ability and reduced likelihood of clinical lameness compared to similar cows in a HOUSED system. The PASTURE system also facilitated longer, undisrupted lying times that have beneficial implications for lameness. A PASTURE system therefore improved cow welfare in terms of lameness compared to a HOUSED system. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Dityrosine cross-linking is considered to be one of the major reasons behind natural protein dimerization. Reports have shown that dimers

of Ribonuclease A prepared by several methods exhibit reduced ribonucleolytic activity compared to the native monomer. Here in the present report, a detail investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of dityrosine cross-linking of Ribonuclease A on its ribonucleolytic activity. learn more We have also studied the inhibitory property of natural, competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors on the catalytic activity of the dimer. The dimer was prepared by photo irradiation of Ribonuclease A using riboflavin as a photo sensitizer followed by separation using size exclusion chromatography. The dimer has been characterized via gel electrophoresis and various spectroscopic techniques. Experimental findings suggest that the synthesized dityrosine cross-linked dimer of Ribonuclease A exhibits reduced ribonucleolytic activity in comparison with the monomeric form both in the presence and absence of the inhibitors. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.