Moreover, downmodulation of TPX2 and AURKA was shown to inhibit invasion.\n\nConclusion These data identify TPX2 (20q11) and AURKA (20q13.2) as two genes located on distinct regions of chromosome 20q that promote 20q amplicon-driven progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma. Therefore the selection advantage imposed by 20q gain in tumour progression

is achieved by gain-of-function of multiple cancer-related genes-knowledge that can Oligomycin A be translated into novel tests for early diagnosis of progressive adenomas.”
“The possibility of expressing a homologous antigen and a heterologous antigen simultaneously in an attenuated Brucella melitensis strain was investigated. The Brucella wboA gene encoding a mannosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen, and the Bacillus anthracis pag gene encoding the protective antigen (PA) were cloned into plasmid pBBR4MCS. The resulting plasmid was introduced into O-antigen deficient B. melitensis strain WRRP1 to produce strain WRSPA. Strain WRSPA produced O-antigen and a series of PA products, induced protection

in BALB/c mice against challenge with B. melitensis strain 16M, but failed to protect A/J mice against challenge with B. anthracis Sterne strain. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Motivated by a study learn more about prompt coronary angiography in myocardial infarction, we propose a method to estimate the causal effect of a treatment in two-arm experimental studies with possible noncompliance in both treatment and control arms. We base the method on a causal model for repeated binary outcomes (before and after the treatment), which

includes individual covariates and latent variables for the unobserved heterogeneity between subjects. Moreover, given the type of noncompliance, the model assumes the existence of three subpopulations of subjects: compliers, never-takers, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI-2536.html and always-takers. We estimate the model using a two-step estimator: at the first step, we estimate the probability that a subject belongs to one of the three subpopulations on the basis of the available covariates; at the second step, we estimate the causal effects through a conditional logistic method, the implementation of which depends on the results from the first step. The estimator is approximately consistent and, under certain circumstances, exactly consistent. We provide evidence that the bias is negligible in relevant situations. We compute standard errors on the basis of a sandwich formula. The application shows that prompt coronary angiography in patients with myocardial infarction may significantly decrease the risk of other events within the next 2years, with a log-odds of about -2. Given that noncompliance is significant for patients being given the treatment because of high-risk conditions, classical estimators fail to detect, or at least underestimate, this effect. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Object.

Two rabbits had topical drops of each solution placed after a 2.8 mm incision was created. Masked slitlamp examinations, pachymetry, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were determined 1 day and 2 days postoperatively. The animals were humanely killed, and the endothelial density and histopathology were examined.\n\nRESULTS: The IOP (P<.001), pachymetry (P<.001), and signs of inflammation (P=.38 to .003) were consistently higher in the study eye, especially at the 50 mu L dose,

than in the control eye. This was confirmed by histopathology.\n\nCONCLUSION: If the drug-delivery system Selleckchem VX-689 gains access to the anterior chamber, it may cause substantial corneal edema and inflammation, even at low doses and after topical administration.”
“Purpose of reviewFocal therapy for prostate cancer is emerging as a management option between active surveillance and radical treatments. In this article, we present two of the most important imaging modalities in focal therapy, multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and ultrasonography. We review

the recent advances within these two platforms.Recent findingsState-of-the-art imaging in all phases of focal therapy is essential for treatment safety. In patient selection, treatment guidance, and follow-up, different aspects of imaging are important. mpMRI is an imaging technology with high imaging resolution and contrast. This makes it an excellent technology for patient selection and treatment planning and follow-up. Ultrasound has the unique property of real-time image acquisition. This

makes it an excellent technology for real-time treatment guidance. There are multiple novelties ACY-241 in these two platforms that have increased the accuracy considerably. Examples in ultrasound are contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, elastography, shear-wave elastography, and histoscanning. In mpMRI, these advantages consist of multiple sequences combined to one image and magnetic resonance thermometry.SummaryStandardization of multiparametric transrectal ultrasound and mpMRI is of paramount importance. For targeted treatment and follow-up, a good negative predictive value of the test is important. There is Selleck PFTα much to gain from both of these developing fields and imaging accuracy of the two platforms is comparable. Standardization in conduct and interpretation, three-dimensional reconstruction, and fusion of the two platforms can make focal therapy the standard of care for prostate cancer.”
“Objective: To explore a method to decrease the arrest of spermatogenesis in patients undergoing scrotum reconstruction with a flap.\n\nMethods: A follow-up study on a patient whose scrotum had been reconstructed with a flap revealed the arrest of spermatogenesis. The flap was trimmed thin on two occasions, and the composition of the seminal fluid was followed up.\n\nResults: The follow-up showed a decrease in the arrest of spermatogenesis after the flap was thin-trimmed.

Since effective disease-specific treatments, including enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, have become available for certain LSDs and timely initiation of these treatments is necessary to prevent the development of severe, disabling and irreversible manifestations, early diagnosis has become essential. The challenge

is to raise awareness for better recognition of the presenting signs and symptoms of LSDs by all doctors who may encounter these patients, including rheumatologists.”
“Cardioviruses Selleck GDC-0994 have a unique 2A protein (143 aa). During genome translation, the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2A is released through a ribosome skipping event mitigated through C-terminal Selleck Staurosporine 2A sequences and by subsequent N-terminal reaction with viral 3C(pro). Although viral replication is

cytoplasmic, mature 2A accumulates in nucleoli shortly after infection. Some protein also transiently associates with cytoplasmic 40S ribosomal subunits, an activity contributing to inhibition of cellular cap-dependent translation. Cardiovirus sequences predict an eIF4E binding site (aa 126-134) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS, aa 91-102), within 2A, both of which are functional during EMCV infection. Point mutations preventing eIF4E:2A interactions gave small-plaque phenotype viruses, but still inhibited cellular cap-dependent translation. Deletions within the NLS motif relocalized 2A to the cytoplasm and abrogated the inhibition of cap-dependent translation. A fusion protein linking the 2A NLS to eGFP was sufficient to redirect the reporter to the nucleus but not into nucleoli. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Frontal Sapitinib Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor sinus fractures constitute 5% to 12% of all facial fractures. The optimal management of frontal sinus fractures is controversial but involves preserving the function of the nasofrontal ducts when feasible. We reviewed

the postoperative complications of a series of 43 patients treated surgically for frontal sinus fractures.\n\nMaterials and Methods: The data from 43 patients treated from 2000 to 2006 were reviewed. The information reviewed included patient age and gender, mechanism of injury, type of frontal sinus injury, associated facial injuries, treatment method, and complications. The institutional review board approved the present study.\n\nResults: The average patient age was 32.5 years; 36 were men and 7 were women. Of the 43 patients, 23 (53.5%) had had anterior table fractures and 20 (46.5%) had had both anterior and posterior table fractures. Postoperative complications occurred in 7 patients (16.3%). Of these 7 patients, 2 experienced continued headache and pain and required surgical removal of infected hardware, 3 also experienced frequent headaches and pain in the frontal-temporal region, 1 had a post-traumatic deformity, and 1 developed periorbital cellulitis and abscess formation within the frontal sinus.

Very similar structures are obtained when the organic cation is NMe4+, NMe2Pr2+, or NMe2Bu2+. A distorted anionic structure possessing the same connectivity is generated when the cation is NEt4+, and anionic frameworks with a different connectivity, but still related to

PtS, are obtained when the much larger quaternary phosphonium cations are employed. Of interest in the structures containing quaternary phosphonium cations are pi-stacking interactions involving phenyl groups of the cation and F(4)TCNQ(2-) ligands. These face-to-face interactions between the electron-rich F(4)TCNQ(2-) ligands and a Selleck AZD6094 phenyl group of the cation appear to be responsible for the color exhibited by these compounds.”
“Aim:\n\nThis study was undertaken to determine if the need for red cell blood transfusion in placenta praevia could be predicted.\n\nMethods:\n\nData from a retrospective observational study of 246 obstetric patients, with placenta praevia, from 1999 to 2005 were analysed to generate a model to predict requirement for transfusion.\n\nResults:\n\nSeventy-one

patients were transfused. Independent risk factors for transfusion were gestational age at delivery of 32-35 weeks [odds ratio (OR): 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-6.4] and caesarean combined with hysterectomy (OR: 29.4; 95% CI: 5.9-145.9; P < 0.001). No independent risk of transfusion was associated with

maternal age, race, learn more INCB024360 concentration parity, smoking status, type of anaesthesia, caesarean combined with arterial balloon occlusion, grade of placenta, accreta and previous uterine surgery.\n\nConclusions:\n\nGestational age at delivery and type of surgery required are predictors of transfusion during caesarean for placenta praevia. Arterial balloon occlusion does not appear to increase transfusion risk and may be considered as one of the techniques in management.”
“Aim: To evaluate the relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in Chinese nonsmokers with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Methods: We sequenced exons 18-21 of the EGFR gene in 98 cases. The patients were divided into two groups based on their pretreatment serum CEA levels (below or above 5 ng/mL) for analyzing the correlations with EGFR mutations. Results: Sixty-seven cases harbored EGFR mutations. The rates of EGFR mutations and exon 19 mutations in the high-CEA group (78.2% and 49.1%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the low-CEA group (55.8% and 20.9%, respectively). Serum CEA levels were found to be the only independent predictor of EGFR mutation (OR 2.837; 95% CI: 1.178-6.829) and exon 19 mutation (OR 3.618; 95% CI: 1.319-9.918).

In the whole aneurysm group 2001-2011, outcome was best predicted by age, clinical condition at admission, and the size of the bleeding, and not by treatment mode or localization of aneurysm. Conclusion. It seems important for the outcome that aneurysms are treated early. The clinical course after that depends largely on the condition of the patient on admission rather than on aneurysm treatment method. This, together with the fact that older patients

and those in worse condition are now being admitted, increases demands on neurointensive care. Further improvement in AZD1208 in vivo patient outcome depends on better understanding of acute brain injury mechanisms and improved neurointensive care as well as rehabilitation measures.”
“Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), a rare type of mesenchymal neoplasm, is defined by the WHO as

a superficial sarcoma with low-grade malignancy that develops in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of a giant DFSP, with post-traumatic onset in childhood and a very long evolution. Clinical data: 51-year-old Caucasian patient presents for 41 years a presternal neoplastic lesion, with onset at 10-year-old, few months after a strong trauma. The patient addressed for a clinic examination, secondary to a spontaneous hemorrhage of the lesion. The local examination reveals the presence of a red-purple polynodular neoplastic lesion selleck chemical of 180x110x30 mm, of firm consistency, adherent to the subcutaneous tissue, painless, with lateral extension at 8 o’clock 5-Fluoracil research buy as an erythematous infiltrated atrophic plaque appearance. One of these nodular masses presents surface ulceration and areas of necrosis. The CT scan did not detect any infiltration into the pectoral muscle or loco-regional metastasis. Under general anesthesia a wide surgical excision with free macroscopic margins of 3 cm was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was DFSP, with evidence of tumoral spindle cells disposed in storiform pattern, embedding small adipocyte

panicles, creating a lace-like or honeycomb appearance. lmmunohistochemically, the tumor cells express an intense and diffuse CD34 and they are negative for S-100 and SMA. The Ki-67 is focal positive in almost 2-4%. Clinical and paraclinical monitoring at 18 months follow-up does not detect any local recurrences or metastases, and an excellent quality of life.”
“Physical interactions between different cell types are a requirement for the initiation and maintenance of immune responses. The distribution pattern of cells within a tissue may result from specific cell-cell-interactions or random distribution. Tissue architecture, degree of inflammation, frequencies of cells, number of contact partners, cell type, and size as well as cell movement and contact time determine the distribution of cells within tissues.

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299: H959-H974, 2010. First published July 23, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01251.2009.-Endoglin (CD105) is an integral membrane glycoprotein that serves as a coreceptor for members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. A major role for endoglin in regulating transforming growth factor-beta-dependent vascular remodeling and angiogenesis has been postulated based on the following: 1) endoglin is the gene mutated in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1, a disease characterized by vascular malformations; 2) endoglin knockout

mice die at midgestation because of defective angiogenesis; 3) endoglin is overexpressed in neoangiogenic vessels, during inflammation, and in solid tumors; and 4) endoglin

regulates the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide LCL161 solubility dmso synthase, which is involved in angiogenesis and vascular tone. Besides the predominant form of the endoglin receptor (long endoglin isoform), two additional forms of endoglin have been recently reported to play a role in the vascular pathology and homeostasis: the alternatively spliced JIB-04 ic75 short endoglin isoform and a soluble endoglin form that is proteolytically cleaved from membrane-bound endoglin. The purpose of this review is to underline the role that the different forms of endoglin play in regulating angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and vascular tone, as well as to analyze the molecular Epoxomicin chemical structure and cellular mechanisms supporting these effects.”
“The Maillard reaction contributes to the complications of diabetes and normal aging. Dihydropyrazines (DHPs), which are produced during the Maillard reaction, generate radicals and possess DNA strand-cleaving activities in vitro. In the present study, we evaluated the genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials of a DHP derivative, cyclohexyl-DHP,

which is obtained as a mixture of two isomers, 2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoxaline (endo-type) and 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroquinoxaline (exo-type), fused with a cyclohexyl ring. Cyclohexyl-DHP caused DNA strand breaks in plasmid pUC18, especially in the presence Of Cu(2+). By using Escherichia coli mutant strains, we observed that cyclohexyl-DHP exposure strongly reduced the survival rate of a cytosolic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SOD)-deficient strain (sodA sodB), significantly reduced the survival rates of DNA repair-deficient strains (recA and uvrB) and mildly reduced the survival rate of a catalase-deficient strain (katE katG) compared with the survival rate of the wild-type strain. Addition of Cu(2+) enhanced the cell killing ability of cyclohexyl-DHP. The frequency of mutations induced by cyclohexyl-DHP increased dose-dependently in the sodA sodB strain. Assays with the highly water-soluble tetrazolium salt WST-1 revealed that cyclohexyl-DHP strongly generated superoxide anions. Moreover, cyclohexyl-DHP elevated the protein carbonyl levels in E. coli.

Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the literature focused on the effects of phthalate exposure on the developing male reproductive tract, puberty, semen quality, fertility, and reproductive hormones. We conclude that although the epidemiological evidence for an association between phthalate exposure and most adverse outcomes in the reproductive system, at concentrations to which general human populations

are exposed, is minimal to weak, the evidence for effects on semen quality is moderate. HM781-36B inhibitor Results of animal studies reveal that, although DEHP was the most potent, different phthalates have similar effects and can adversely affect development of the male reproductive tract with semen quality being the most sensitive outcome. We also note that developmental exposure in humans was within an order of magnitude of the adverse

effects documented in several animal studies. While the mechanisms underlying phthalate toxicity remain unclear, the animal literature suggests that mice are less sensitive than rats and potentially more relevant to estimating effects in humans. Potential for chemical interactions and effects across generations highlights the need for continued study.”
“A novel monomer consisting of a 4-vinyl-1,2,3-triazole unit directly linked to a triphenylimidazole unit, 1-(4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-4-vinyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (DVT), has been successfully synthesized using click chemistry followed by elimination reaction. Subsequently, poly(DVT) Selleck Selonsertib was prepared by the S63845 clinical trial reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of DVT in dimethyl sulfoxide using S-dodecyl-S

‘-(alpha,alpha ‘-dimethyl-alpha ”-acetic acid)-trithiocarbonate (DMP) as the RAFT agent and 2,2 ‘-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the polymerization process of DVT followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentrations. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer increased linearly with monomer conversion, while a low polydispersity was maintained throughout. In addition, the poly(DVT) showed the characteristic of temperature-dependent absorbance in the near-ultraviolet (UV) spectral region, of which a linear dependence of UV absorbance on temperature was confirmed for the polymer both in solution and in solid states.”
“Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex disorder whose clinical features include mild to severe intellectual disability with speech delay, growth failure, brachycephaly, flat midface, short broad hands, and behavioral problems. SMS is typically caused by a large deletion on 17p11.2 that encompasses multiple genes including the retinoic acid induced 1, RAI1, gene or a mutation in the RAI1 gene.

“
“Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are drinking-water chlorination by-products previously found to induce oxidative stress (OS) in hepatic tissues of B6C3F1 Selleck Dibutyryl-cAMP male mice. To assess the effects of mixtures of the compounds on OS, groups of male B6C3F1 mice were treated daily by gavage with DCA at doses of 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg/d, TCA at doses of 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/d,

and 3 mixtures of DCA and TCA (Mix I, Mix II, and Mix III), for 13 wk. The concentrations of the compounds in Mix I, Mix II, and Mix III corresponded to those producing approximately 15, 25, and 35%, respectively, of maximal induction of OS by individual compounds. Livers were assayed for production of superoxide anion (SA), lipid peroxidation (LP), and DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). DCA, TCA, and the mixtures produced dose-dependent increases in the three tested biomarkers. Mix I and

II effects on the three biomarkers, and Mix III effect on SA production were found to be additive, while Mix III effects on LP and DNA-SSB were shown to be greater than additive. Induction of OS in livers of B6C3F1 mice after subchronic exposure to DCA and TCA was previously suggested as an important mechanism in chronic hepatotoxicity/hepatocarcinogenicity induced by these compounds. Hence, there may be rise in exposure risk to these compounds as these agents coexist in drinking water.”
“In southern Europe, traditional hunting has been frequently replaced by models based on more intensive management. These check details systems include Management strategies like the release of farm-reared animals that can cause harmful effects on biodiversity.

Elafibranor molecular weight However, little is known about the hunters’ views of this activity, and about their preferences for the ecological attributes of the hunting estates. We present the results of a choice experiment exercise evaluating the willingness to pay of Spanish hunters regarding different aspects of walked-up red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) shooting, including partridge quality (farm-reared vs. wild) and other attributes related to the ecological characteristics of the estate. We find that, when given the choice, hunting an additional wild partridge in a walked-up shooting day was valued more than 20 times higher than hunting an additional farm-reared bird. The diversity of small game available and the presence of natural vegetation in the landscape in which the walked-up hunting takes place were also significantly valued. Hunters also attributed economic value (albeit lower than other attributes) to the presence of protected non-game fauna in the estate. Overall, our results show that hunters are willing to pay more for hunting on estates that have better ecological characteristics, which may be indicative of good conservation status. This suggests that identifying and promoting such estates could lead to systems that are both ecologically and economically sustainable. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eighty-two males completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the two-subtest form of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. A subsample of 45 participants (mean age=24.4, SD=4.6) performed a visual oddball task, consisting of a two-letter recognition task, during which psychophysiological data were recorded. Although no significant relationships emerged for P300 latency, overall results suggest that the P300 amplitude was Pfizer Licensed Compound Library purchase positively related to IQ and negatively related

to impulsivity. Those who scored high on impulsivity (high impulsives) had lower P300 amplitudes than low impulsives, but this relationship was not significant when controlling for individual differences in mental ability. The results also showed an inverse relationship between mental ability and impulsivity. That is, high impulsives demonstrated reduced cognitive performance on intelligence testing and it click here is reflected in their reduced P300 amplitude. These findings are likely due to high impulsives’ less efficient

ability to inhibit task-irrelevant information OF to ignore additional information intake. It was suggested that impulsivity exerts a disadvantageous influence on the performance of tasks (such as those used on intelligence tests) in which exclusive concentration and sustained attention are necessary. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“A novel extracellular serine protease (70 kDa by SDS-PAGE) was purified and characterized. This enzyme retained more than 93% of its initial activity after preincubation for 30 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of 25% (v/v) tested organic solvents and showed feather degradation activity. The purified enzyme was deactivated at various combinations of pH and temperature to examine the interactive effect of them on enzyme activity. The deactivation process was modeled as first-order

kinetics and the deactivation rate constant (k(d)) was found to be minimum at pH 9 and 37 degrees C. The kinetic analysis of enzyme over a range of see more pH values indicated two pK values at 6.21 and at 10.92. The lower pK value was likely due to the catalytic histidine in the free enzyme and higher pK value likely reflected deprotonation of the proline moiety of the substrate but ionization of the active site serine is another possibility. Inhibition kinetic showed that enzyme is serine protease because enzyme was competitively inhibited by antipain and aprotinin as these compounds are known to be competitive inhibitors of serine protease. The organic solvent, thermal and pH tolerances of enzyme suggested that it may have potential for use as a biocatalyst in industry. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication involves many viral and host factors. Here, we employed a lentivirus-based RNA interference (RNAi) screening approach to search for possible cellular factors.

\n\nResults: A more than 30-fold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance was observed, with subsequent increase in pulmonary artery pressure, and decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure. This response was transient, but was followed by a smaller, persistent increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Only a small portion of the infused triolein passed the lungs, and only a small fraction could be recirculated by increasing cardiac output and pulmonary pressure.\n\nConclusion: Infusion of blood selleck products containing lipid micro-emboli on the venous side leads to acute, severe hemodynamic responses that can be life threatening.

Lipid particles will be trapped in the lungs, leading to persistent effects on the pulmonary vascular resistance.”
“Objective A study was undertaken to estimate the fraction of intracranial aneurysms that might be amenable to treatment with the pipeline embolization device (PED), a current flow diverter device, and to determine the types of aneurysms that are probably not amenable to treatment with this device.\n\nMethods A retrospective analysis of 200 consecutive intracranial aneurysms as seen on three-dimensional rotational angiography images was conducted. Based on aneurysm and parent artery morphology, Smad2 phosphorylation four independent observers experienced in the use of the PED judged the likelihood that

a given aneurysm could theoretically be treated with one or more PED using a 5-point scale: grades 1 and 2 indicated amenability to treatment with multiple devices; grade 3 indicated amenability to treatment with one device; and grades 4 and 5 indicated the aneurysm would not be amenable to treatment with the PED. Aneurysms were analyzed on the basis of anatomical factors only. Rupture status was not considered.

Interobserver agreement was determined.\n\nResults 94 of 200 aneurysms (47%) were judged to be likely to be amenable to treatment with the PED; 50 cases (25%) were Citarinostat cell line judged to be amenable to the use of multiple overlapping devices while, in 44 cases (22%), coverage with a single device was preferred. There was a significant relationship between the location of the aneurysm and the grade of the aneurysm (p<0.0001).\n\nConclusion On the basis of anatomical configuration, nearly half of the aneurysms in this study were likely to be amenable to treatment with the PED.”
“Bullous pemphigoid, the most common autoimmune blistering disease in Western Europe and the USA is characterized by the presence of circulating and tissue-bound autoantibodies against the hemidesmosomal proteins BP230 and BP180/collagen XVII. After binding to their target antigens at the basement membrane of the dermal epidermal junction these autoantibodies are thought to trigger an inflammatory cascade comprising complement- and granulocyte-dependent reactions that result in tissue damage.